Efectos de la periodización nutricional en la composición corporal de corredores de media distancia de Djibouti / Efeitos da periodização nutricional na composição corporal em corredores de média distância do Djibutiano / Effects of nutritional periodization on the body composition of middle-distance runners from Djibouti

RESUMEN Introducción: La composición corporal es un indicador fundamental para definir el estado nutricional del corredor. Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de la intervención de periodización nutricional en la composición corporal de corredores juveniles djiboutianos de élite en distancia media. Materiales y métodos: La muestra fue de 22 corredores masculinos, en edades comprendidas entre 16 y 18 años. Para la valoración, se diseñó un experimento constituido por 11 sujetos en el grupo control y 11 en el experimental. Como mediciones antropométricas se tomaron el peso, estatura y seis panículos adiposos para evaluar el porcentaje de grasa, índices de adiposidad, índice de masa corporal y el de sustancia corporal activa pues, para llevar el seguimiento de la intervención propuesta, se realizó una entrevista de recordatorio 24 horas de siete días. Resultados: Se diseñó una dieta periodizada, con la manipulación de los carbohidratos. La periodización nutricional con alta y baja ingesta de carbohidratos durante 12 semanas disminuyó significativamente (p< 0,05) el porcentaje de grasa, sin alterar el peso corporal ni el índice de sustancia corporal activa en los corredores djiboutianos de media distancia juveniles del grupo experimental. Conclusiones: Los resultados expuestos contribuyen a mejorar el control biomédico del entrenamiento en los corredores de élite juveniles de distancia media en Djibouti, ya que existían limitaciones de datos sobre su composición corporal y el efecto que pudiera tener la nutrición periodizada sobre esos indicadores

SÍNTESE Introdução: A composição corporal é um indicador chave na definição do estado nutricional do corredor. Objetivo: O estudo visava avaliar os efeitos da intervenção de periodização nutricional sobre a composição corporal em corredores de elite júnior djibutianos de meia distância. Materiais e métodos: A amostra consistiu de 22 corredores masculinos, de 16-18 anos de idade. Para a avaliação, foi projetado um experimento com 11 sujeitos no grupo de controle e 11 no grupo experimental. Como medidas antropométricas, foram tomadas medidas de peso, altura e seis panniculi adiposos para avaliar a porcentagem de gordura, índices de adiposidade, índice de massa corporal e índice de substância corporal ativa. Para acompanhar a intervenção proposta, foi realizada uma entrevista de lembrete de sete dias, 24 horas por dia. Resultados: Foi projetada uma dieta periódica, com a manipulação de carboidratos. A periodização nutricional com alta e baixa ingestão de carboidratos por 12 semanas diminuiu significativamente (p<0,05) o percentual de gordura, sem alterar o peso corporal ou o índice de substância corporal ativa em corredores djibutianos juvenis de meia distância no grupo experimental. Conclusões: Os resultados acima contribuem para melhorar o monitoramento biomédico do treinamento em corredores de elite de distância média júnior em Djibuti, já que havia limitações de dados sobre sua composição corporal e o efeito que a nutrição periodizada poderia ter sobre esses indicadores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Body composition is a fundamental indicator to define the nutritional status of the runner. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the nutritional periodization intervention on the body composition of elite junior Djiboutian runners in middle distance. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 22 male runners, aged between 16 and 18 years. For the assessment, an experiment consisting of 11 subjects in the control group and 11 in the experimental roup was designed. As anthropometric measurements, weight, height and six adipose tissue were taken to evaluate the percentage of fat, adiposity index, body mass index and active body substance index, since, in order to monitor the proposed intervention, an interview of reminder 24 hours seven days. Results: A periodized diet was designed, with the manipulation of carbohydrates. Nutritional periodization with high and low carbohydrate intake for 12 weeks significantly (p<0.05) decreased percentage fat without altering body weight or active body substance index in juvenile middle-distance Djiboutian runners from the experimental group. Conclusions: The exposed results contribute to improve the biomedical control of training in elite junior middle-distance runners in Djibouti, since there were data limitations on their body composition and the effect that periodized nutrition could have on these indicators.

La Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información y sus periodizaciones: una aproximación / The Historiography of Information Science and its periodization: an approach

Se examinaron determinados esquemas de periodización de la Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información. Utilizando la revisión documental como instrumento metodológico, se revisaron las fuentes de información que contenían la producción historiográfica de los estudiosos de la Ciencia de la Información elegidos. Se discutió la interrelación existente entre Historia e Historiografía y se valoró el significado de las periodizaciones históricas. Se examinó la problemática histórica de la Ciencia de la Información, y se detallaron las propuestas de periodización de los autores seleccionados. Se fundamentó la propuesta de periodización del autor del texto(AU)

Certain patterns of periodization of the Historiography of Information Science were examined. Using the documentary review as a methodological instrument, this study reviewed the sources of information containing the historiographical production of the chosen Information Science scholars. The interrelation between History and Historiography was discussed and the meaning of historical periodization was valued. The historical problems of Information Science were examined, and the periodization proposals of the selected authors were detailed. The proposal of periodization of the author of this text was substantiated(AU)

Efeitos de um macrociclo de treinamento sobre a aptidão física em atletas de futsal feminino durante uma temporada / Effects of a training macrocycle on the physical fitness in female futsal athletes during a season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos de macrociclo de treinamento sobre variáveis de aptidão física em atletas semiprofissionais de futsal feminino. Foram avaliadas quatorze atletas (21,1 ± 4,8 anos) semiprofissionais durante 27 semanas de treinamento, correspondentes a: período pré-competitivo e período competitivo. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e percentual de gordura corporal), testes de potência de membros inferiores (salto vertical e salto horizontal) e membros superiores (arremesso de medicine ball), de força de membros inferiores (1RM de agachamento e legpress) e de membros superiores (supino) e de velocidade (linear e com troca de direção) antes e após o período pré-competitivo e após a primeira fase do período competitivo. ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparação das variáveis entre os três momentos de avaliação com post hoc de Bonferroni (α = 0,05). Potência de membros inferiores, velocidade linear e força de membros inferiores e superiores (1RM legpress e supino) apresentaram melhora no desempenho nos três momentos (p < 0,001). Percentual de gordura corporal, potência de membros superiores, força de membros inferiores (1RM agachamento) (p < 0,001) e velocidade com troca de direção (p = 0,002) melhoraram o desempenho do momento pré para o momento pós período pré-competitivo e mantiveram este desempenho no momento pós período competitivo. A massa corporal não apresentou diferença significativa entre os momentos. Conclui-se que, os resultados encontrados indicam que as atletas responderam positivamente quanto às variáveis de aptidão física, comprovando a eficácia do treinamento. Ainda, destaca-se a importância do planejamento dos treinos para o sucesso da equipe. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the macrocycle training effects on physical fitness variables in semiprofessional female futsal athletes. Fourteen semiprofessional athletes (21.1 ± 4.8 years) were measured during 27 weeks of training, corresponding to: precompetitive period and competitive period. The anthropometric variables (body mass, height and body fat percentage), lower limb (vertical and horizontal jump) and upper limb (medicine ball throw) muscle power, lower limb (1RM squat and legpress) and upper limb (1RM bench press) strength and speed (linear and with change of direction) tests were performed pre and post the pre-competitive period and post the first phase of the competitive period. ANOVA for repeated measures plus Bonferroni post hoc were used to compare the variables between the three evaluation moments (α = 0.05). Performance of the lower limb muscle power, linear speed and lower and upper limbs strength (1RM legpress and bench press) were improved at the three moments (p < 0.001). Body fat percentage, upper limb muscle power, lower limb strength (1RM squat) (p <0.001) and speed with change of direction (p = 0.002) improved the performance from pre to post pre-competitive period moment and kept this performance in the post competitive period. Body mass presented no significant difference between the moments. We concluded that the athletes improved physical fitness variables, proving the effectiveness of the training. Still, it is highlighted the importance of the training planning for the team success. (AU)

A densidade como uma "não tão nova" métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força / Work to rest ratio as a "not so new"metric to quantify strength training loads

O objetivo dessa carta resposta foi tecer algumas considerações sobre o ponto de vista do manuscrito "A densidade como uma nova métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força", publicado nessa tradicional revista brasileira. Erroneamente, os autores apontaram que o termo work to rest ratio utilizado no estudo Blood Pressure Response During Resistance Training of Different Work-to-Rest Ratio e publicado no Journal of Strength Conditioning Research estaria equivocado. Os autores também sugerem que a densidade seja calculada apenas pela fórmula: total de peso levantado/total de pausa. Isso limitaria o cálculo da densidade em métodos isométricos de treinamento de força, que podem ter a densidade calculada pela fórmula: tempo de tensão muscular/total de pausa. Essa breve comunicação amplia o contexto conceitual e de aplicação prática dessa métrica que é pouco conhecida no treinamento de força. (AU)

The aim of this reply letter was to present some considerations about the point of view of the manuscript "Density as new metric to quantify strength training loads", published in this traditional Brazilian journal. The authors erroneously pointed out that term "work to rest ratio" used in the study "Blood Pressure Response During Resistance Training of Different Work-to-Rest Ratio" and published in Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, would be wrong. The authors also suggest that density must be calculated only by the formula: total weight lifted / total rest interval. This would limit density calculation in isometric strength training methods, which can have density calculated by the formula: muscle tension time / total rest interval. This brief communication broadens the conceptual context and practical application of this metric that is little known in strength training. (AU)

A densidade como uma nova métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força / Density as a new metric to quantify strength training loads

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um breve comunicado sobre a adoção da densidade com uma nova métrica de quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força. Descrevemos como quantificá-la e destacamos as possíveis implicações da sua manipulação. Uma vez que considera o intervalo de recuperação entre as séries - onde podem ocorrer processos metabólicos importantes, como a ressíntese de fosfocreatina - a densidade pode ser um parâmetro representativo da magnitude do estresse metabólico induzido pelas sessões. Recomendamos que treinadores e pesquisadores da área de ciências do esporte passem a reportar quantificar e reportar a densidade dos treinos. Técnicas de treinamento que manipulam as pausas entre as séries, repetições e exercícios, como os treinos em circuito, o restpause, cluster training, intra-set rest e/ou inter-repetion rest, podem ter novas análises e, consequentemente, resultados interessantes a serem reportados.(AU)

The aim of the study was to provide a short communication about the adoption of density as a new metric to quantify strength training loads. We describe how quantify and highlighted the possible implications of density manipulation. Since considers the rest interval between sets - where important metabolic process such as phosphocreatine resynthesizes may occurs ­ density may represent the magnitude of metabolic stress induced by training session. In this sense, is recommended that sports sciences coach's and researchers report the training density. Training techniques that manipulate the rest intervals between sets, repetitions, and exercises, such as circuit tra ining, rest pause, cluster training, intra-set rest, and/or inter-repetition rest may have new analysis, and consequently interesting results to be reported.(AU)

O estudo concreto do desenvolvimento da infância e da adolescência e suas contribuições para a educação / The concrete study of the development of childhood and adolescence and its contributions to education

O presente artigo discute o estudo concreto da infância e da adolescência a partir das contribuições da psicologia histórico-cultural. São apresentados os conceitos de atividade, atividade-guia, situação social de desenvolvimento, linhas acessórias do desenvolvimento, consciência e neoformação em cada período da vida, buscando articular com elementos da realidade capitalista brasileira e as desigualdades de classe, raça e gênero. Para tal, percorremos as três épocas (Elkonin, 1987) do desenvolvimento propostas por estudos soviéticos em um contexto de luta por condições iguais de vida, quais sejam: primeira infância, infância e adolescência. Ao apresentar cada época, explicitamos os desafios ainda postos para compreendermos concretamente o desenvolvimento humano no Brasil. E, ao final, apresentamos alguns desafios ainda postos à educação. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento almejado ocorrerá diante de condições que o possibilitem, envolvendo: i) o contexto social mais amplo (demandas que a sociedade oferece às nossas crianças e jovens e condições efetivas providas para sua realização); ii) a organização do ensino e como esse operacionaliza essas demandas em termos de forma e conteúdo, de maneira a potencializar o desenvolvimento das pessoas, promovendo necessidades e motivos para a emergência da atividade-guia, atentando aos efeitos das desigualdades de classe, raça e gênero no processo de desenvolvimento.

This paper discusses the concrete study of childhood and adolescence from the contributions of cultural-historical psychology. The concepts of activity, leading activity, social situation of development, accessory lines of development, consciousness, and neoformation are presented in each period of life, seeking to articulate with elements of the Brazilian capitalist reality and its inequalities of class, race and gender. To this end, we went through the three epochs (ELKONIN, 1987) of the development proposed by Soviet studies in a context of struggle for equal living conditions, namely: early childhood, childhood and adolescence. In the presentation of each epoch, we explain the existent challenges for concretely understanding human development in Brazil. And, at the end, we discuss some obstacles currently facing education. It is concluded that the desired development will occur in the presence of conditions that make it possible, involving: i) the broader social context (demands that society offers to our children and young people as well as effective conditions provided for its consummation); ii) the organization of teaching and how it operationalizes these demands in terms of form and content, in order to enhance the development of people, promoting needs and reasons for the emergence of the leading activity and being aware of the effects of class, race and gender inequalities in the development process.

Comparação de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na força muscular em idosos / Comparison of different protocols of resisted training in muscle force in elderly / Comparación de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza en fuerza muscular en ancianos

Comparar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na dinapenia em idosos. Método: A amostra constituiu de sujeitos com idade igual ou superior 60 anos, voluntários, de ambos os sexos, os voluntários foram submetidos a dois programas diferentes de treinamento de força, um programa com variações de cargas ondulatório e outro com variações de cargas lineares. Após 12 semanas foi realizado teste de força de preensão palmar nos dois grupos que realizaram os protocolos de treinamento de força e um grupo controle. Para as comparações entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de ANOVA. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados mostraram o que? para ambos os grupos em comparação ao controle, no entanto, sem diferença significativa entre eles. Conclusão: Conclui-se desta forma que ambos os modelos de periodização foram eficientes para gerar aumento de força em idosos saudáveis.

To compare the effect of different resistance training protocols on dinapenia in the elderly. Method: The sample consisted of subjects aged 60 years or older, volunteers, of both sexes, the volunteers were submitted to two different strength training programs, one with variations in wave loads and another with variations in linear loads. After 12 weeks, a handgrip strength test was performed in the two groups that performed the strength training protocols and a control group. For comparisons between groups, the ANOVA test was used. Results: The results found showed for both groups in comparison to the control, however, with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: It is concluded that both periodization models were efficient to generate increased strength in healthy elderly

Comparar el efecto de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la dinapenia en ancianos. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por sujetos de 60 años o más, voluntarios, de ambos sexos, los voluntarios fueron sometidos a dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza diferentes, uno con variaciones en las cargas de oleaje y otro con variaciones en las cargas lineales. Después de 12 semanas, se realizó una prueba de fuerza de agarre manual en los dos grupos que realizaron los protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza y un grupo de control. Para las comparaciones entre grupos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA. Resultados: Los resultados encontrados mostraron para ambos grupos en comparación con el control, sin embargo, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Conclusión: Se concluye que ambos modelos de periodización fueron eficientes para generar mayor fuerza en ancianos sanos

Comparação da carga de treinamento de atletas profissionais entre modos de treinos especificos do voleibol e de força / Comparison of the training load of professional athletes between modes of volleyball specific drills and strength conditioning

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a carga de treinamento em três tipos de treinamentos de uma equipe de voleibol profissional.. Participaram do estudo 28 jogadores (26,6 ± 4,7 anos; 91,5 ± 8,5 Kg; 194,1 ± 6,0 cm). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva de 29 sessões de treino técnico, 84 tecnico-tático e 75 de musculação e isoladamente das variáveis que compõem a carga de treinamento, PSE e o tempo de duração da sessão, posteriormente sendo reunidos em média e desvio padrão de acordo com tipo de treino. Para análise dos dados foi adotado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e em seguida aplicou-se o teste Anova Two-Way com o Post Hoc de Tamhane e também foi utilizado o tamanho do efeito para análise das comparações. Os resultados demonstraram respostas significativas e grande tamanho de efeitos quando comparados técnico e técnico-tático com a musculação na carga interna de treinamento TxM (TE=1,2: grande; p= 0,002); TTxM (TE=1,3: grande; p= 0,001) e no tempo de duração da sessão TxM (TE=1,7: grande; p= 0,001); TTxM (TE=2,0: grande; p= 0,001), já a PSE da sessão apresentou apenas uma diferença sigifcativa TTxM (TE= 0,8: moderado; p= 0,001). Os estímulos de treinamentos específicos de quadra como técnico e técnico-tático promoveram maior carga interna nos atletas do que o treino de força, através principalmente pela influencia da variável tempo de duração da sessão que refletiu a carga externa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the training load in three types of training of a professional volleyball team. Participants were 28 players (26.6 ± 4.7 years, 91.5 ± 8.5 kg; 194.1 ± 6.0 cm). A descriptive analysis of 29 technical training sessions, 84 technical-tactical training sessions and 75 training sessions, and of the variables that compose the training load, PSE and the duration of the session were performed, and were then collected on average and standard deviation according to with type of training. To analyze the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was adopted, and then the Anova Two-Way test was applied with Tamhane's Post Hoc and the effect size was also used for analysis of the comparisons. The results demonstrated significant responses and a large effect size when compared to technical and tactical-to- strength training (T = 1.2: large; p = 0.002); TTxM (TE = 1.3: large, p = 0.001) and the duration of the session / external load in the TxM training (TE = 1.7: large; p = 0.001); TTxM (TE = 2.0: large, p = 0.001), whereas the PSE of the session showed only a sigifcant difference TTxM (TE = 0.8: moderate; p = 0.001). The stimuli of specific training of court as technician and technician-tactician promoted greater internal load in the athletes than the strength training, mainly through the influence of the variable time of the session that reflected to external load.

Consideraciones para una propuesta de periodización histórica de la endocrinología en Cuba / Considerations for a proposal of historical periodization of Endocrinology in Cuba

El objetivo de este artículo es plantear algunas consideraciones que justifican una periodización histórica de la endocrinología en nuestro país, para lo que se tuvieron en cuenta los hitos o hechos con especial significado para esta especialidad médica. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico, apoyado en la técnica de revisión documental y la entrevista no estructurada en profundidad, la que se aplicó a profesionales vinculados al desarrollo de la endocrinología en nuestro país. Se establecen tres periodos históricos de la endocrinología en Cuba: Periodo de la preendocrinología (1813-1922), donde aparecieron las primeras descripciones de enfermedades endocrinas como el hermafroditismo, galactorrea, ginecomastia, bocio, acromegalia, diabetes mellitus y otras; Periodo de inicio de la endocrinología (1923-1965), caracterizado por la introducción de la insulina en la práctica clínica y el incremento de los aportes a la literatura científica nacional e internacional, la creación de Sociedad Cubana de Endocrinología y su órgano oficial, Acta Endocrinológica Cubana; y, finalmente, Periodo de consolidación y desarrollo de la endocrinología (1966-actualidad), el que se establece con la creación del Instituto de Endocrinología y Enfermedades Metabólicas, pues con su apertura la especialidad comienza su verdadero progreso en las áreas de la investigación, docencia y asistencia. Se concluye, que teniendo en cuenta los hitos o hechos con especial significado para la endocrinología en el territorio nacional, es posible plantear una periodización histórica de esta especialidad médica(AU)

The objective of this article is to present some considerations that justify a historical periodization of Endocrinology in our country taking into account the landmarks and events with special significance for this medical specialty. The historical-logical method was used, supported by the technique of documentary review and in depth's unstructured interview to professionals linked to the development of Endocrinology in our country. Three historical periods of Endocrinology are established in Cuba: Period of Pre-endocrinology (1813-1922), where the first descriptions of endocrine diseases such as hermaphroditism, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, goiter, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus and others appeared; Period of onset of Endocrinology (1923-1965), that was characterized by the introduction of insulin in clinical practice and the increase of contributions to national and international scientific literature, the creation of the Cuban Society of Endocrinology and its official media the Cuban Endocrinological Act; and finally, Endocrinology's consolidation and development period (1966-present), that is established with the creation of the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. With this last milestone, Endocrinology in Cuba begins its real progress in the areas of research, teaching and care. It is concluded that taking into account the milestones or events with special significance for Endocrinology in our country, it is possible to propose a historical periodization of this medical specialty(AU)

Efectos de los Juegos en Espacio Reducido (JER) sobre VO2máx. en futbolistas aficionados / Small Sided Games effects on maximum oxygen uptake in amateur soccer players / Efeitos dos Jogos no Espaço Reduzido no consumo máximo de oxigênio em jogadores de futebol amador

Resumen: Objetivo: determinar el efecto de los juegos en espacio reducido (JER) sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2Máx.) en futbolistas aficionados. Método: se realizó un experimento controlado con asignación aleatoria, con grupo experimental y control. Se evaluó antes y después a 16 futbolistas de sexo masculino, edad 19,5±1,7, peso 73,6±8,5, talla 177,2±6,7 e IMC 23,2±1,6. El grupo experimental entrenó con JER, y el grupo control con método continuo variable tipo dos (MCV2). La intensidad se controló con monitores cardíacos. El VO2Máx. fue medido con el test de Léger. Se obtuvo aval del comité de ética de la Universidad de Antioquia. Los datos se evaluaron mediante análisis multivariado de la varianza (MANOVA) y estadística descriptiva. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS UNIVERSITY. El nivel de significancia se estableció en (p<0,05). Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas entre JER y MCV2 para la variable VO2Máx., ni mejoras significativas entre pretest-postest en los grupos. Conclusión: los programas de entrenamiento no mejoraron significativamente el VO2Máx.

Objective: To determine the effect of small sided games (SSGs) on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2Máx..) in amateur soccer players. Method: A controlled experiment, with random assignment in two groups (experimental and control), was conducted. Sixteen male soccer players, age: 19,5±1,7; weight: 73,6±8,5; height: 177,2±6,7; BMI: 23,2±1,6, were evaluated before and after. The experimental group trained with SSGs and the control group trained with the continuous variable method type two (CVM2). The intensity was controlled by heart rate monitors. The VO2Máx. was measured with the Leger test. Endorsement of the Ethics Committee of the Universidad de Antioquia was obtained. Data were evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and descriptive statistics. The statistical package SAS UNIVERSITY was used. The level of Statistical significance was established in (p<0.05). Results: There were not significant differences between SSGs and MCV2 for the variable VO2Máx., nor significant improvements between pretest-postest in any of the groups. Conclusion: Training programs did not significantly improve the VO2Máx.

Objetivo: determinar o efeito dos Jogos em Espaço Reduzido (JER) no consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2Máx.) em jogadores amadores de futebol. Método: Realizou-se um experimento bcontrolado com atribuição aleatória com dois grupos: um grupo experimental e um grupo de controle. Antes e depois, avaliaram-se 16 futebolistas de sexo masculino (idade: 19,5 ± 1,7, peso: 73,6 ± 8,5; uma altura média 177,2 ± 6,7, IMC: 23,2 ± 1,6). O grupo experimental treinou com JER e o grupo controle com o método contínuo variável tipo dois (MCV2). A intensidade foi controlada com monitores cardíacos. O Leger Test foi utilizado para medir o VO2Máx. A autorização foi obtido pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Antioquia. Os dados foram avaliados por análise multivariada de variância (MANOVA) e estatística descritiva. O pacote estatístico SAS UNIVERSITY foi utilizado. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em (p <0,05). Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre o JER e o MCV2 para a variável VO2Máx., nem houve melhorias significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste nos grupos. Conclusão: os programas de treinamento não melhoraram significativamente o VO2Máx.

Association between various levels of training-related energy expenditure and dietary and nutrient intake in Japanese male collegiate rugby players / 体力科学

This study aimed to explore the association between various levels of training-energy expenditure (TrEE) and nutritional response during the phases of periodization among male collegiate rugby players. Seventeen Japanese male collegiate rugby players were enrolled in the study. Their TrEE and dietary intake were assessed each day during three separate microcycle training phases in the preparatory phase of periodization (P1 and P2: general training phase consisting of two sessions per day over the term during which the school held classes and during a summer vacation, respectively; and P3: intensive training phase consisting of four sessions per day during a summer vacation) using the factorial method and dietary records, respectively. The TrEE for P3 (1644±273 kcal) was significantly higher than that for P1 (891±230 kcal). However, the total energy intake (EI) for P3 (3274±889 kcal) was significantly lower than that for P1 (3978±938 kcal). The daytime (after waking in the morning and before the evening training session) EI (242±159 kcal) and protein intake (19±12 g) from the ‘high-protein foods group’ during P3 was significantly reduced compared with that during P1 (465±252 kcal, 37±15 g), whereas, EI and carbohydrate intake from the ‘supplements group’ of P3 was significantly increased compared with P1. The increased TrEE during P3 was not compensated by EI; instead, there was a decreased nutrient intake from the high-protein foods group and increased intake from the supplements group. The time of day of multiple or intensive training sessions, i.e. different TrEE, might affect the food choices made by male rugby players.

Effects of linear and undulating periodization of strength training in the acceleration of skater children

Aim: This study aimed to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) and undulating periodization (UP) of strength training on acceleration in skater children. Methods: Twenty-nine girls (9.67±1.29 years-old, 34.47±8.06kg, 1.39±0.13m) were distributed into two groups: linear periodization group (LPG, n=14) and undulating periodization group (UPG, n=15). Six levels of progressive training were designed based on activities such as multi-jumps, plyometrics, sled towing, and facilitated exercises. The training lasted 16 weeks, with a 1-h session on three non-consecutive days per week. The acceleration was recorded by digital videography following the major trochanter of the femur, at four moments and under two conditions: static (SS) and dynamic start (DS) in a rectilinear path. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: ANOVA indicated group*moment interaction in SS and DS for velocity (F3,81=7.883; p<0.001; pη2=0.226; F3,81=2.36; p=0.078; pη2=0.08-trend, respectively) and acceleration (F3,81=3.96; p=0.011; pη2=0.128; F3,81=2.92; p=0.039; pη2=0.098, respectively). Both groups increased velocity in SS and DS (UPG/SS: 1st=4.07, 2nd=9.75, 3rd=8.91, 4th=9.25m/s; LPG/SS: 1st=4.27, 2nd=7.13, 3rd=7.61, 4th=7.99m/s; UPG/DS: 1st=8.30, 2nd=8.73, 3rd=8.12, 4th=9.27m/s; LPG/DS: 1st=8.20, 2nd=8.31, 3rd=7.90, 4th=8.96m/s) and acceleration (UPG/SS: 1st=2.00, 2nd=8.69, 3rd=4.71, 4th=5.02m/s2; LPG/SS: 1st=2.37, 2nd=3.39, 3rd=3.68, 4th=4.12m/s2; UPG/DS: 1st=1.78, 2nd=1.97, 3rd=1.65, 4th=2.46m/s2; LPG/DS: 1st=1.67, 2nd=1.70, 3rd=1.48, 4th=1.93m/s2). Conclusion: Both strength training periodization protocols were effective in developing acceleration and velocity in girl skaters over 16 weeks; however, UP was more efficient than LP for improving acceleration.(AU)

Assessment of the external load of amateur soccer players during four consecutive training microcycles in relation to the external load during the official match

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the external load of amateur male players during 4 consecutive training microcycles (M) at the beginning of the in-season according to the training session in absolute external load demands and in relation to the competition demands. Methods: Regional-level players (n = 10; age, 20.8 ± 1.7 years; height, 175.5 ± 3.8 cm; body mass, 69.7 ± 2.9 kg; soccer experience, 13.2 ± 2.5 years) were monitored using GPS devices during training sessions and matches. The external load variables measured were: duration (min); total distance covered (TD); distance covered at high-speed (HID, 14.4-19.8 km/h); distance covered at sprinting (SPD; >19.8 km/h); and distance covered in high intensity acceleration (ACD; >2.5 m/s2) and deceleration (DECD; <-2.5 m/s2). Results: The results indicated that the external load variables (time, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were similar between the four microcycles. Greater (p<0.01) time, TD, HID and SPD were observed in match day (MD)-2 compared to MD+1, MD-3, and MD-1. Aside from training duration, all external loads variables (TD, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were lower during training sessions compared to official matches (p<0.05). Conclusion: Amateur soccer players present relative stable external training loads across competitive microcycles, with the peak load observed two days before the official match. Besides this, the match constitutes the highest load during a typical competitive microcycle in this cohort of players.(AU)

Duas semanas de pré-temporada melhoram a velocidade e força máxima de membros inferiores em jogadores profi ssionais de futebol? / Two weeks pre-season improve velocity and maximal strength lower limbs in professional soccer players?

A preparação física durante a pré-temporada é extremamente importante para incremento e manutenção da performance. No entanto, o tempo de preparação de jogadores profi ssionais de futebol tem sido cada vez menor em função de um extenso calendário de jogos. Verifi car o efeito em curto prazo (duas semanas) de um programa de treinamento físico em conjunto com o treinamento técnico/tático no desenvolvimento da força máxima absoluta e relativa, e na velocidade de jogadores profi ssionais de futebol. 15 atletas profi ssionais (26 ± 2,6 anos; 79,7 ± 9,3 kg; 183,8 ± 5,7 cm; 12,4 ± 2,5 %G) que disputavam a série A1 do campeonato paulista participaram do presente estudo. Foram realizadas duas semanas de treinamento durante a pré-temporada. A organização das sessões envolveu treinamentos de força máxima, potência, resistência de força e resistência anaeróbia. Foram mensuradas a performance de sprint 15m, a força máxima absoluta e relativa (agachamento) pré e pós-programa de treinamento físico. Foi observado melhora signifi cante na velocidade de sprint 15m (Pré 2,48 ± 0,10 s x Pós 2,40 ± 0,08 s; P<0,05; TE = moderado 0,80), bem como a força muscular de membros inferiores tanto em valores absolutos (kg) (Pré 121,6 ± 23,8 x Pós 138,5 ± 26,0; P<0,05; TE = moderado 0,71; Δ% = 12,2), quanto relativos (kg/kg-1) (Pré 1,50 ± 0,25 x Pós 1,73 ± 0,34; P<0,05; TE = moderado 0,92; Δ% = 13,3). Um programa de treinamento físico com envolvimento de diferentes manifestações de forças, durante apenas duas semanas (pré-temporada) foi sufi ciente para incrementar signifi cantemente a força máxima (absoluta e relativa) e a velocidade de sprint 15m em jogadores profi ssionais de futebol....(AU)

The physical preparation during the pre-season is extremely important for enhance and maintenance of performance. However, the time of preparation of professional soccer players have been less due to an extensive schedule of games. The objective of this study was to determine the eff ect in the short term (two weeks) of a physical training program in conjunction with technical training/tactical development of the maximum absolute and relative strength, and speed of professional soccer players. 15 professional athletes (26 ± 2.6 years; 79.7 ± 9.3 kg; 183.8 ± 5.7 m, 12.4 ± 2.5% G) with experience in state-level competitions series A1 participated in the this study. There were two weeks of training during the pre-season. The organization of the sessions involved training maximal strength, power, strength resistance and anaerobic resistance. Sprint performance was assessed 15m, the maximum absolute strength and relative pre and post-exercise training program. We observed signifi cant improvement in sprint speed 15m (pre 2.48 ± 0.10 2.40 ± 0.08 sx Post s; P <0.05; TE = moderate 0.80) as well as muscle strength lower limb both in absolute values (kg) (Pre 121.6 ± 23.8 138.5 ± 26.0 x Post; P <0.05; TE = moderate 0.71; Δ% = 12.2) and relative (kg / kg-1) (1.50 ± 0.25 x Pre post 1.73 ± 0.34; P <0.05; moderate TE = 0.92, Δ = 13.3%). An exercise program involving multiple manifestations of forces, for only two weeks (pre-season) was suffi cient to signifi cantly increase the maximum strength (absolute and relative) and the 15m sprint speed in professional soccer players....(AU)

La mesoestructura, modelo de entrenamiento contemporáneo de la escuela cubana de boxeo / The mesostructure, model of contemporary training of the cuban boxing school

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo trasmitir las experiencias sobre la elaboración y aplicación de una meso-estructura de 3-4 microciclos que permitió mantener un largo estado de la forma deportiva (5-6 meses) sobre base científico-técnica y metodológica en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo de la selección nacional de boxeo, que participó en la 4ta Serie Mundial de Boxeo. La muestra investigada la conformaron 21 boxeadores, lo que representa el 58%, de una población conformada por 36 atletas/estudiantes pertenecientes a la Escuela Nacional de Boxeo. La importancia de la investigación es que se expone la utilización de nuevos conceptos de planificación y las modificaciones actuales en la estructura del entrenamiento, así como la contribución de la ciencia a la adaptación de las cargas de entrenamiento, que permita obtener resultados positivos durante un largo estado de la forma deportiva, factores sobre los cuales es necesario reflexionar para una planificación eficaz del entrenamiento deportivo moderno.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to express the experiences on the development and application of a meso-structure of 3-4 microcycles that allowed to maintain a long state of sport form (5-6 months) on a scientific-technical and methodological basis in planning of the sports training of the national boxing team, who participated in the 4th World Boxing Series. The samples investigated were 21 boxers, which represents 58%, of a population made up of 36 athletes / students belonging to the National School of Boxing. The importance of the research is that it exposes the use of new planning concepts and the current modifications in the training structure, as well as the contribution of science to the adaptation of training loads, which allows to obtain positive results during a long period of time. state of the sport form, factors on which it is necessary to reflect for an effective planning of modern sports training.

An Analysis of Change on Alpine Skiers' Body Composition, Anaerobic Power, and Isokinetic Muscular Function between before and after Winter Season / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes on alpine skiers' body composition, anaerobic power, isokinetic knee strength and muscle balance ratio (hamstring to quadriceps [HQ] ratio) before and after winter season. METHODS: The subjects of this study was 22 elite alpine skier, aged 16–20 years. Participants were divided into two groups (male, 12; female, 10). The study conducts a periodization training program in the winter season for 4 months. The data processing of this study was analyzed by paired t-test, using SPSS 21.0 statistics program. RESULTS: There was significance on fat free mass in male group (p < 0.05); there was significance on anaerobic power and average power in female group (p < 0.01), and fatigue index significantly increased in male group (p < 0.05). There was significance on extension power of male group and flexion power of female group in 30°/sec. There was significance on extension power of both groups in 180°/sec (p < 0.05). There was significant increase on flexion power of male group in 240°/sec (p < 0.01). There was significant increase on H/Q% of female right side in 30°/sec (p < 0.01). There was significance on right side of both groups in 180°/sec (p < 0.05). There were significances on right and left side of both groups in 240°/sec (male, p < 0.01; female, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Therefore, this study suggests that the periodization training should be important to maintain and to develop seasonal condition of alpine skiers.

Effects of 22 weeks of training on functional markers and match performance of young soccer players

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of 22 weeks of training on functional markers and match performance through the use of earned points in competition. Twenty male soccer players were submitted to the same group of tests in four moments of the periodization: before the preparatory stage (T0); after the preparatory stage (T1); after the competitive stage I (T2); after the competitive stage II (T3). The functional markers were measured using the vertical and horizontal jump, T-40; Shuttle Run Test and RAST. The match performance was obtained by earned points in competition. An increase were found for all the variables analyzed for functional markers when T0 was compared with T3. In relation to the match performance, the team obtained 83.33% success in competitive stages. It is possible to conclude that training plan was efficient to improve technical-tactical skills and physical fitness of the studied athletes

Efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento físico resistido periodizado em paciente vivendo com HIV e lipodistrófico: um estudo de caso / Effects of 12 weeks of periodized resistance training in a patient living with HIV and lipodystrophy: a case report

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento físico resistido periodizado sobre os perfis glicêmico, lipídico, imunitário, antropométrico e força muscular em um paciente vivendo com HIV e lipodistrófico. O indivíduo do estudo era do sexo masculino, 46 anos, etnia branca, diagnosticado há 17 anos com HIV e há 3 anos com lipodistrofia; o mesmo foi submetido a 12 semanas de treinamento físico resistido periodizado de forma ondulatória diária (TRPO), três vezes por semana. Antes e após este período foram realizadas avaliações antropométrica, bioquímica, imunitárias e de força muscular. Após TRPO, houve diminuição das circunferências de pescoço, peito, abdômen, percentual de gordura, massa gorda, bem como de gorduras subcutânea total, central e periférica. Concomitantemente houve aumento das circunferências de quadril, braços, coxas e panturrilhas, além do aumento de massa muscular. Houve diminuição nos níveis de glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HB1AC, monócitos e aumento do HDL-colesterol, leucócitos, linfócitos, neutrófilos, monócitos e plaquetas. Como conclusão demonstramos que 12 semanas de TRPO foi benéfico e seguro no tratamento das desordens metabólicas e antropométricas em um paciente vivendo com HIV lipodistrófico.(AU)

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training periodization on the glycemic, lipid, immune, muscular strength and anthropometric profiles in a patient living with HIV and lipodystrophy. The subject of the study was male, 46 years old, white ethnicity, diagnosed 17 years ago with HIV and 3 years with lipodystrophy; the same was submitted to 12 weeks of daily undulating resistance training (DUPRT) three times per week. Before and after this period were conducted anthropometric, biochemical, immune and muscle strength. After DUPRT, there was reduction in neck, chest and abdomen circumferences, fat percentage, fat mass and total, central and peripheral subcutaneous fat. Concurrently there was an increase of hip, arms, thighs and calves circumferences, and increased muscle mass. There was a decrease in fasting glucose levels, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Hb1Ac, monocytes and increased HDL-cholesterol, white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and platelets. In conclusion we demonstrated that 12 weeks of TRPO was beneficial and safe in the treatment of metabolic and anthropometric disorders in a patient living with HIV and lipodystrophy.(AU)

Carga interna de treinamento em diferentes aulas pré formatadas do sistema Les Mills® / Internal training load in different pre standardized workouts of Les Mills® system

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a carga interna de treinamento imposta em diferentes aulas pré-formatadas do sistema Les Mills® e comparar a percepção de esforço planejada pelo instrutor com a percebida pelas alunas. A amostra foi constituída por 20 mulheres jovens. Foram monitoradas 10 aulas, em duas semanas consecutivas. A carga interna foi determinada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). Os valores da PSE-sessão não diferiram significativamente da 1ª para a 2ª semana (Body Combat© = 252 ± 36 vs. 258 ± 39 UA – p=0,64; Body Pump© (terça-feira) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30 UA – p=0,33; Body Step© = 246 ± 51 vs. 252 ± 46 UA– p=0,43; Body Pump© (quinta-feira) = 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA– p=0,06; Power Jump© = 291 ± 44 vs. 315 ± 42 UA– p=0,06). Houve diferença em 50% das aulas no tocante à intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas: Body Combat© (Instrutor: 3 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,6 – p<0,01), Body Pump© (terça-feira) (Instrutor: 2 vs. Alunas: 2,8 ± 0,6 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 4,8 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) ministradas na 1ª semana e nas aulas de Body Step© (Instrutor: 5 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 5,2 ± 0,5 – p<0,01) ministradas na 2ª semana. Os resultados sugerem que as aulas analisadas mantiveram o mesmo padrão de carga interna quando repetidas em semanas distintas. Entretanto, houve discrepância entre a intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas. Estes resultados apontam a importância do monitoramento das cargas de treinamento em aulas pré-formatadas, especialmente no contexto do fitness.

The aim of this study was to quantify internal training loadimposed on different pre-formatted classes Les Mills® system and compare the perception ofeffort planned by the instructor with perceived by the students. The sample consisted of 20young women. 10 lessons were monitored for two consecutive weeks. The internal loadwas determined by the perceived exertion of the session (session-PSE) method. thevalues of PSE-session did not differ significantly from the 1st to 2nd week (Body Combat ©= 252 ± 36 vs. UA 258 ± 39 - p = 0.64; © Body Pump (Tuesday) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30AU - p = 0.33; Body Step © = 246 ± 51 vs. UA- 252 ± 46 p = 0.43; © Body Pump (Thursday)= 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA- p = 0.06; Power Jump © = 291 ± 44 vs. UA- 315 ± 42 p = 0.06).Was no difference in 50% of lessons regarding the intensity planned by the instructor and theexperienced by the students: Body Combat © (Instructor: Students vs. 3: 4.2 ± 0.6 - p <0.01), Body© Pump (Tuesday) (Instructor: Students vs. 2: 2.8 ± 0.6 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: 6vs. Students: 4.8 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) in the 1st week and taught classes in Body Step © (Instructor:5 vs. Students: 4.2 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: Students vs. 6: 5.2 ± 0.5 - p <0.01)held in the 2nd week. The results suggest that the classes analyzed maintained the samestandard internal load when repeated in different weeks. However, there was a discrepancybetween the intensity planned by the instructor and experienced by the students. these resultsindicate the importance of monitoring training loads at pre-formatted classes,especially in the context of fitness.

Efeitos de diferentes modelos de periodização do treinamento aeróbio sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos e composição corporal de bombeiros militares / Effects of different periodization models of aerobic training on cardiovascular parameters, metabolic and body composition in military firefighters

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de programa de treinamento aeróbio sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos e de composição corporal comparando diferentes periodizações. Sessenta e cinco bombeiros militares/ES (25,9 ± 0,6 anos) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (Gcon, n = 15) sem tratamento; ondulatório (Gond, n = 18), escalonado (Ges, n = 17), e crescente (Gcres, n = 15), e treinaram 13 semanas, três sessões semanais de 30 minutos e intensidades de 60% a 90% FCmáx. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi controlada em todas as sessões . Antes e após o programa foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e teste cardiopulmonar (Aerosport TEEM-100). Houve redução no percentual de gordura, bradicardia em repouso e da FC submáxima com aumento do consumo de oxigênio, e redução do duplo produto, da PAD em repouso para os três grupos treinados, sem vantagens adicionais para o Gcres. Esses resultados sugerem que programas de treinamento aeróbio com distribuição de intensidade ao longo das semanas de forma escalonada e/ou ondulatória podem ser mais apropriados para indivíduos não atletas...

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different periodization models of aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, and body composition. Sixty-five military firefighters y / ES (25.9 ± 0.6 years) were divide into four groups: control (GCON, n = 15) without treatment; undulating (Gu, n = 18), scaled (Gs, n = 17) and increasing (Gi, n = 15); they trained during 13 weeks, three weekly sessions of 30 minutes at intensities of 60% to 90% HRmax. Heart rate (HR) was monitored in all sessions . Anthropometric measurements and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (Aerosport TEEM-100) were conducted before and after the experimental program. A reduction in body fat percentage, bradycardia at rest and submaximal HR with increased oxygen consumption, and reduction of RPP, in DBP at rest for all three groups trained without advantages for Gi, were observed. These results suggest that training programs which includes increasing and/or undulating aerobic training models may be more suitable for non-athletes...